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From Empire to another


It was an era when Europe was trying to be just, remembering the glorious days of the Roman Empire. She first offered this overwhelming responsibility to Charlemagne and Otto. Chronic small portion of an empire to another.

Christmas 800. Rome. Charlemagne Capital in recent weeks. At 57, he is still in the prime of life.

Some time ago, Pope Leo III was cleared of any suspicion that weighed against him, suspicion of immorality among others. It is true that the support of his powerful friend, the king of the Franks and Lombards, Carolus Magnus, was not useless!

Charles attends mass. At the end of the ceremony, an event happens that we have seen since 476: Pope raises the crown on the head of the king and the emperor is pronouncing the following sentence: "A very pious Charles Augustus, by God crowned great and pacific emperor life and victory

Sources differ on the reaction of Charlemagne. According to Einhard (Vita Carolis), it is furious because he understands that the pope is also taking the initiative to appear in superior temporal. It is the papacy which the Emperor and not vice versa.

If you believe the biographers of the Vatican, the new ruler is absolutely delighted.

According to some historians, Charlemagne and Leo III had prepared the whole ceremony. Leo III was gaining legitimacy facing the Curia who challenged again. Charles got his support of the papacy, posing as a champion of Christianity.

matter: the Empire reborn. Empire, he was already in the territory without equal that of ancient Rome. Gaul, Germany, northern Italy, northern Spain, Slavic territories, Friesland (Holland), Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria .... Millions of people live under the rule of Charlemagne. The latter succeeded his father, Pepin the Short in 768, co-manager of the Frankish kingdom with his brother Carloman. Then as 771, he reigns alone, Carloman had disappeared.


It is the ideology that Christianity is needed throughout the territory, sometimes forcefully. In 782, Charlemagne had 4500 Saxons to run the example. A few years ago, he shot down their sacred tree. Paganism declined gradually and through Missi Dominici, Charlemagne's authority applies to everyone.

From 802, Charles is represented wearing a laurel wreath and adopted the following titular King of the Franks and Lombards, Emperor. But he conscious of being the heir of Augustus? Not so sure that some historians put forward his proposed division of territory between his three son. A marriage with a Byzantine princess fails. It would have brought together the Eastern Roman Empire with that of Charlemagne. A missed opportunity.

Charles died in 814. His son Louis the Pious was the heavy burden to succeed him. Charles has himself crowned in 813, passing the pope. Indeed, the old king refuses to accept the idea that to be the pope who should be the Emperor.

In 817, Louis takes an unprecedented decision: flouting the law Frankish Empire will not be divided and only his eldest Lothair succeed him as Emperor. His brothers, Pepin and Louis the German will have the title of king and will be subject to Lothair. You should know that if Louis the Pious became the sole Emperor, because he is the only living heir.

But the birth of Charles the Bald in 823 will ruin the Ordinatio Imperri (the name of the law 817). Jealous, the son going to rebel, to file their father, restore the throne: a long litany of conflicts (which I shall discuss in a future article). In 840, Louis died, but the war continues. In 843, the sharing of Verdun causes the end of the Carolingian Empire. First

parenthesis.

project a century later. Exactly in 955. Certainly, the unity of the empire was restored twice, but in very short-lived: in 877 by Charles the Bald in 887 by Charles the Fat. But each time, it was the result of chance, estates happy.

In 955, Otto crushed the Hungarians Lechfeld. Already master of Italy since 951, the German sovereign obtains considerable prestige comparable to that of Charles Martel in 732. For several decades, Hungarians ravaged Europe, is succeeded by the Normans. Burgundy and Berry had been plundered in 937.


In 962 he was crowned Emperor by John XII. And his first acts will be inspired by the great Charlemagne, which he repeats the titular.

Fifteen months later, he filed the pope in order to consolidate his authority over Rome (Louis the Pious had done the same in 824), Italians to back the feudal obedience and forced the Byzantine Empire to recognize it.

Otto III in 999 establish his court in Rome. Now we talk about the Roman Empire St. Compared to that of Charlemagne, the territory is smaller because it does not contain the western part, which since 987, is directed by the Capetian. But its prestige is enormous because it is the inheritor of the Roman Empire.

It lasted until 1800, when Napoleon destroy its own benefit.

But that's another story.

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Little Big Horn by David Cornut


The publication Book by David Cornut is an event in the French historiography as it relates to an area seldom explored: the history of the nineteenth century in the USA. Moreover, he dares to attack a character wholly discredited in France: General Custer! If you want to laugh, so type Custer in the search of Herodotus. Net. It is true that Herodotus, Greek historian was known since ancient times for its approximations, exaggerations or inventions, unlike a Thucydides, a total rigor and who invented the story by recounting the Peloponnesian War .
racist, killer Indian incompetent, arrogant, rebellious ... Here is the list of "qualities" that are generally given to Custer in France but also in the USA in the media called "progressive." Not only the book scans through all these ideas, but above all it gives a complete overview of the battle, alternating point of view of soldiers and the Indians. The amount of work on the evidence is staggering and we feel is the work of an enthusiast, not a vague argument out in a hurry to make money!
The first part is a sincere and passionate biography of Custer. We discover a young soldier, unwilling to any authority, but whose charisma and military qualities will quickly make it one of the heroes of young America. David Cornut the opportunity to portray the lives of U.S. soldiers from the cavalry. It is a far cry from John Ford (although I think his westerns are true masterpieces. Review therefore Stagecoach!) And we find a motley army, lacking everything but holding fast to protect any young democracy. The very special atmosphere of the 7th Cavalry is made. These early chapters also emphasize the role of Custer during the Civil War and we now understand better the aura which will then mark and despite his obvious lack of discipline. The glories (and failures one of which earned him one year without pay after an initial failed Indian countryside) of Custer, his sometimes brutal attitude towards the unlike him, refused to put themselves completely at the service of young democracy, make a character so unusual but representative of the legendary Wild West.

In a second part, the author also takes the opportunity to blast preconceptions about Indians and shows that beyond the romantic idealism, the tribes were composed of men, neither more nor less and that they were equally capable of exceptional cruelty as a limitless courage. And portraits of Crazy Horse or Sitting Bull describe the two Indian chiefs with all their ambiguities. We see Sitting Bull's become a real fantasy alive for the beautiful American. It also shows how these tribes were organized, as conveyed by the romance westerns new age is not really the full truth. Like Custer, Cornut not dodging the black faces and refused to write hagiographies. Written in a clear (the style is direct and never bombastic), this first act that the youth of Custer on the eve of battle passion through the psychology of the Plains Indians would be the basis of an excellent western. Finally, to understand the situation, Cornut explains the importance of the Black Hills, their openness to colonization, the failure of negotiations with the Indians .... Briefly, then all it takes to understand the significance of the battle.

The third part is about the battle itself: it then enters a narrative almost to the minute where the strategy, explained by several maps, allows us to understand how Custer was trapped and eventually found the death. Again, the author sweeps all the ideas (the thousands of Indians, the so-called incompetence of General ..) and does not hesitate to point out the real culprits of the disaster, General Reno in mind. Drawing on Archaeology, the testimony of survivors and American Indians, Little Big Horn is unfolding before our eyes, alternating viewpoints of both sides. Again, a writer would have no trouble making a good western. Cornut been talking all actors, sometimes even in different Indian languages. The work of scholarship is enormous and the imposing mass of notes (which we would have preferred to find the bottom of the page and not at the end of each chapter). Expressions in Indian languages and English are all obviously translated.
The fourth part deals with the repercussions of the massive defeat but also to attempts to smear Custer. That, of course, one that will do the most controversy, even if in France, it is clear that the subject does not passion. The author then re-trial, highlights the lies of Reno and Bentheen before the commission. Again, work on the evidence, paralleling reports and hearings are considerable. No line is really unnecessary and we understand even better the black legend that now surrounds the General Custer.

Then the author concludes his story: he is interested in the late Indian wars, restore the truth about the massacre at Wounded Knee, recounts through an impressive series of little biographies the end of life of the protagonists of Little survivors Big Horn.

Finally, an extensive glossary concludes the book with a flourish.
icing on the cake, the book is a beautiful thing, enhanced with previously unpublished photographs (some taken by the author on the site of the battle) and appear prominently in the library of any lover of history who respects himself. Little Big Horn, the younger guard university has not said its last word and more importantly, it means thinking outside the boundaries of political correctness. It was time!

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(re) birth of Israel in 1948



At a time when the Middle East becomes a powder keg and where an Iranian leader dream of destroying Israel by nuclear fire, it is interesting to look at the birth of this country.

The birth of Israel goes back to 1917, the so-called Balfour Declaration. Go back a little time. The collapse of the Empire Ottoman gave England a foothold in the Middle East. She now manages Palestine. On November 2, 1917 the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Arthur J. Balfour wrote to Lord Lionel Rothschild said: "His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will make every effort to facilitate these objectives is, of course, that nothing will not prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political situation enjoyed by Jews in other countries. " But this statement will be very badly received (already!) by Arab bloodshed and unrest in the region regularly. And Jewish settlements are regularly attacked and the Palestinians (the generic name given to Muslims living in the region) also face a violent manner with the British authorities who quickly forget their promises of independence. In 1936, a national conference brings together more than 150 Palestinian delegates. Their claims relate to the cessation of Jewish immigration but also on access to independence.

In 1937, the royal commission calls for sharing Palestine into a Jewish state that would include 33% of the territory and an Arab state. But the Palestinians rejected the plan. In 139, a new conference will lead to a similar failure. Each time, the Arab side refused any share.

The rise of Nazism will strengthen the National Home, but, curiously, Great Britain will then significantly reduce Jewish immigration after 1940 and limit the right of Jews to acquire land.

During the war, the Jewish resistance to the English will become important and will culminate in 1946 with the attack against the British Staff housed in the King David Hotel bombing very bloody and shows that indiscriminate violence does not belong to any camp. Churchill will therefore appeal to the UN.

Meanwhile, The 2nd World War ended, two years ago. The world discovered the horrors of Nazi concentration camp system. The 6 million Jews exterminated haunt the conscience of Europe. The all-new United Nations must take the problem head on.

Work began May 26, 1947. On 31 August a report of 54 volumes was introduced to the General Assembly. He says roughly the following things:

Jews base their rights return on the historical ties of Jews with the Holy Land (that had already been confirmed by the Balfour Declaration). They also believe that the development of the country already settled by Jews in Palestine gives them a right. Finally, the creation of a state would solve the problem of 250,000 European Jewish survivors of death camps.

the Arab side, it argues inalienable character of the Muslim conquest of 637. They believe that the British mandate of 1920 was illegal. Finally, they lean on the creation of an independent Palestine that would take account of the Jewish minority. On 29

novembre1947, Resolution 181 is then passed:

It is to be granted to Jews 56% of the territory between the Jordan and the Mediterranean. It also created a Palestinian state. Jerusalem becomes an international zone under UN control. There were 33 votes for, 13 against and 10 abstentions.

But this resolution will not be seamless. The episode of the Exodus boat full of refugees, Jews deported from Palestine by the British is a good example.

May 14, 1948 the State of Israel was proclaimed in the borders defined by the UN. In Tel Aviv, David Ben Gurion reads the declaration of independence the new state. The next day the British left the country, leaving Israel in control of their military base. Transjordan, where the Palestinians will live, remains under the command of British General Glubb Pasha, who is head of the Arab Legion of Transjordan.

But the new state quickly arouses the hatred of his coalition voisins.Une Arabic (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Egypt and Jordan) attack Israel. Arab Legion of Transjordan, supported by contingents from Saudi Arabia mingle with the attack.

Not a chance, the young democracy succeed to repel the attack and even conquer the territories west of the Jordan.

January 7, 1949, English and Americans impose a cease-fire. On February 24, 1949, Egypt and Israel signed an armistice agreement Rhodes.

This war will leave its mark. 800,000 Palestinian Arabs are leaving their land while 600,000 Jews to flee Arab countries. But these refugees will become full-fledged Israeli citizens while the Arabs will keep their status as refugees. Note that the Arab League itself asked them to leave Israel, believing that once the enemy turned back at sea, they could return to live on their land. This failure is called Nakba, the catastrophe.

We can see that from its inception, Israel has been under attack from its enemies.

I would return later to the wars of 67, 73, conflict between Israel and Lebanon and finally the intifada.

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Cornelius 400th anniversary



little riddle. What French playwright saw the 400th anniversary of his birth "forgotten" this year? Pierre Corneille, of course!

Also amazing as it sounds, the author of the Cid was born June 6, 1606 has been no commemoration worthy of the name of France preferred to look at Mozart, composer of great talent (the largest in fact) but Austrian. Stories and controversies will fix this oversight!

Corneille was born in Rouen. He is the eldest of six children of a family of magistrates of Rouen. Logically, at age 22, the young man began a legal career, but fate decided otherwise: a disappointment in love in 1629, made him write poetry. He discovered a passion for this art and began writing tragedies. But unlike some of these "competitors", he directed the society of the seventeenth century and do not necessarily seek its references in antiquity. Shareholder

one moment to the state (Richelieu made a copyright official), he broke with it to write pieces on the high nobility whose greatest pride is the cid. In 1647 he was elected to the French Academy.

Cornelius will use the crisis of the Fronde and the death of Richelieu to settle some scores with the Cardinal Louis XIII, including the death of Pompey. He wondered about the civil war with Rodogne. If the Fronde was not a civil war, it was no less fierce fighting between the parties the most powerful kingdom. Finally, one can also cite Heraclius, Don Sanche and Andromeda, where he focuses on the nature of the king.

But from 1650, his plays were less successful. Jean Racine is the fashionable playwright and his plays are more access on sentiment.

Cornelius nevertheless continued his work as a playwright. It also improves the machinery of the theater, developing the "special effects" (in The Golden Fleece, for example). His latest play, Suren, date from 1674

But the end of his life is difficult. Boileau should even ask for him a royal pension that Louis XIV might be accorded. He died in Paris on 1 October 1684. Pierre Corneille

Why is it "denied" by the state but his work is universally known. Probably because of the Cid.

Indeed, the play takes place during the Reconquista, which sees the Iberian Peninsula resume gradually its territory from the Moors, 711 and installed since the fall of the Visigothic kingdom. Refugees in the north, the Christian kings have never accepted the loss of their kingdoms and they will engage in a war over 700 years (it finally completed in 1492 with the fall of Granada) marked by setbacks (the period of the year one thousand who saw the victories of the powerful Berber-Man Al Sur) and victories. The Cid is so against the backdrop of the battle of King of Castile, who has just transferred his court from Burgos to Seville to fight more effectively against the Moors.

Exhibit contains some magnificent lines, entered the legend of literature as:
O rage! O despair! O old enemy!
Have I lived so long for this infamy? Or


I'm young, it is true, but the noble souls
The value does not depend upon years. (Act II, Scene 2, Don Rodrigue the Count)

The problem of Cornelius would therefore, in these times when the cowards who govern us fear the reaction of the streets and suburbs, he speaks of a conflict between Christians and Muslims. Incidentally, this is absolutely not the subject of the piece (this is the thwarted love between Rodrigue and Chimene). It is amusing (or appalling) to see the reluctance of leaders who prefer to put it under a bushel one of the greatest French playwrights in order not to offend the sensibilities of "lunch" of suburbs. Or another case, ignorance is so crass that they have totally is silent on Pierre Corneille. What is not very reassuring either!

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Black September: 1970.

It is interesting to see how certain events disappear from human memory as if by magic. If everyone (well, those who saw Munich) know that Black September is a terrorist organization, much less are aware that this is also the name of an event that can only recent events in perspective between Israel and Palestinians.

Returning in September 1970. Yasser Arafat called for the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in Jordan. Why? It is estimated that 75% of Jordanians are Palestinians one degree or another. Since the end of the 6 Day War and the capture of the West Bank, Arafat defeated fighters, the Fedayeen, as well as thousands of refugees came to Jordan. Arafat uses his host country as a rear base.

Meanwhile, King Hussein sought a compromise with Israel. He joined the Rodgers plan that involves the end of military operations against the Jewish state. But Fatah and the PFLP of George Hussein Habbachi feel betrayed the Palestinian cause. Early in 1970, reduced the activities of Hussein Fedayeen. Things will get worse quickly.

September 1, King escapes an assassination attempt. On 6, the four PFLP diverts airliner over Amman. Habbachi says "" All we wanted was to fight Israel and nothing else. But the Jordanian regime believed that our mere presence in the country represented a danger to him (...) For us, King Hussein was a leader reactionary leader of a reactionary state and therefore an obstacle. And to succeed in our revolution, we must remove this obstacle. " "

16, the king declared martial law

September 17, Hussein's Bedouin attack Fedayeen. The 1st Tank Division of the Jordanian army, headed by a cousin of King Sharif Zeid Ben Shaker bombarding refugee camps and the permanence of Palestinian organizations. After 10 days, the camps were razed and the Palestinians must find refuge in Lebanon.

Syria sends tanks to the border to help the Palestinians, but Hussein is seeking aid from the U.S. and anyone willing to prevent Syria to intervene. Israel responded by sending planes to simulate attacks against Syrian tanks. The Syrian army turned back, leaving the troops of Arafat.

September 27, Nasser managed to stop the hostilities.

. Arafat shall his salvation in taking refuge in Lebanon also, disguise and aided by the Sudanese President Noumeri.

The number of victims is unknown: it ranges from 3500 (Jordanian sources) and 10,000 (Palestinian sources).

Arguably, without much mistaken, the repression of Black September was significantly more deaths among the Palestinian intifada that time. Yet we never talk about in pro-Arafat and pro-Palestinian. Dictatorships of the Middle East who claim to help the Palestinians "victims of Zionist oppression" are also very discreet about it. When the media for them, a good killer of Palestinian can not be a Jew!

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The Battle of Jena (October 14, 2006) October 25



France is ashamed of his past. And particularly Napoleon. Last year, she had not seen fit to celebrate the bicentenary of Austerlitz. This year it's Jena that went by the wayside. This battle is yet another great feat of arms of the Emperor. Stories and Polemics is therefore above because knowledge of our past should not be overshadowed by the acts of repentance.

During summer 1806, Europe is at peace. France-England rivalry has diminished, Austerlitz and Trafalgar proméninence having established the two kingdoms in their respective fields. The sea to Britain, the continent for France. The death of William Pitt, a fierce opponent of Napoleon has also improved the climate. Finally, Britain is not the best economically.

But all is not necessarily well in the brave new world. Napoleon reorganized the Holy Roman Empire into a federation of state which are necessarily favorable: the Confederation of the Rhine. And it worries Frederick III of Prussia. The big Army is in Bavaria and Moravia to monitor the Austrian and Russian units of the 3rd coalition.

tone up between Prussia and France. Provocation, the officers of the Prussian army like to sharpen their swords on the steps of the Embassy of France in Berlin. Frederick III lance who will listen: "No need for swords, clubs will suffice for these French dogs."

To top it off, he sealed an alliance with Alexander I and swear not to separate until the victory over France will not be granted. Prussia, Russia, Sweden and Saxony will then form the 4th coalition. They will be joined by England on September 14 with the death of Prime Minister Fox, more favorable to Napoleon.

On 4 October, the Emperor receives an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of French troops right banks of the Rhine. Immediately Great army of 180,000 strong men overwhelmed the Confederacy. An initial confrontation October 10 sees the death of the nephew of Frederick II, but victory is not final. The body is pushed to Prussian Saalfeld, but the coalition forces withdrew northwards, leaving a strong rearguard at Jena.

Marshal Lannes arrived with part of the Grand Army: 55 000 10 000 men more riders. The whole is supported by 173 cannons. Napoleon ordered all. Opposite, the Prussians were about 50 000 and have 120 guns.

Jena is located in a valley. The Emperor himself will direct the work that will broaden the narrow path in order to pass the artillery. He thus manages to overlook the Prussian army concentrated before him.

At 6 o'clock in the morning, he gave the order to attack. Surprised, the Prussians believe in a massive attack. But right out of their 30,000 French fog. Immediately, Lannes upsets the general reserve Tauertzien while progressing in the right Soult and Augereau on the left. The battle is lost to Prussia and Napoleon ordered the prosecution fugitives. Murat's cavalry managed to capture the enemy artillery.

There are 12 000 deaths among the Prussians and the French in 6000. In addition 14 000 prisoners.

The same day the French victory Auerstadt (Davout with 27,000 men defeated the 60,000 Prussian soldiers from Brunswick) amplifies the magnitude of the triumph. Prussia lost 45,000 men and his artillery.

27 October Napoleon entered Berlin. On the 28th Murat capture the Prince of Hohenlohe and his army. November 30, Prussia was forced to peace: She lost half its territory, 5 million people, some of its strongholds (Magdeburg, Erfurt, Stettin, Graudeuz, Danzig) and must pay an indemnity of 120 million francs at the time.

If it is the big loser in history, this victory will be one of the last truly brilliant of Napoleon.

Soon will come the war in Spain, the failures in Russia, bled for years 1810-1813

... But that's not the worry. How is it that France has so ashamed of her past, she now refuses to celebrate. Except for repentance, our country overshadow everything that has made it great. It is a crime against our memory. A crime against our history.

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732: Poitiers


Islam spread like wildfire throughout the seventh century, sweeping Africa, the Middle East, Asia. The Visigothic kingdom of Spain fell in 711 and the vitality of the new religion did not wane. Despite the recent strength of the Visigoths, refugees in northern Spain, the Merovingian is now in sight ....

Storming the Frankish kingdom

Abd-er-Rahman, emir of Cordoba, wants to extend his conquests beyond the Pyrenees. In 719 in Narbonne is taken. In 725, it was the turn of Carcassonne and Nimes. Bordeaux is then sacked. Aquitaine is a land of plunder, very tempting because rich. Merovingian kings and the descendants of Clovis, have enough power to oppose it.

Charles Martel

Charles is the bastard son of Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia. A Carolingian therefore, the balance of a Merovingian king. He managed to win against the Neustrians. Rich, he has many villas in the region of Metz and Verdun. The wife of Pepin, Plectrude, Charles was locked. He escaped at age 25, in 714, the death of his father. Needless

take the place of his father as Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. It multiplies the countryside from 716 against the Frisians, Saxons, Alamanni. It will submit to the Danube the Bavarians. In 731, he attacked Eudes of Aquitaine. Eudes, who had dealt with brash: in 721, he beat Toulouse and in order to avert the peril, allied to Mununza, the Governor of Berber Septimania. But the latter is killed by Abd-er-Rahman who resumed looting in southern Gaul.

Calling Eudes

When the Saracens, after pillaging the southern Aquitaine, take the road to St Martin of Tour, a rich abbey, Odo has little choice, he must use his enemy even if he fears that Charles Martel do to take advantage of the wealth of Aquitaine.

Charles will then gather his army, after having published the ban. He spent the Loire at Orleans and headed for Tower, near the abbey. He then took the direction of Poitiers, his army having melted with that of Odo. Moussa, the village of Vouneuil-sur-Vienne, the French are against the Saracens. 6 days, riders observed, is jaugent, engage in some skirmishes.

Clash of Civilizations

Saturday 25 October 732, the first day of Ramadan, the two armies are facing each other. Abd-er-Rahman Once the noon prayer ended, the load starts shouting "Ahadoum, ahadoum" (there is only one god). The tactic is clear: avoid confrontation general, crumble the opposing army and transform battle in a series of small battles. But the Franks, at war for 20 years, do not let themselves be intimidated by the screams of the Muslims, nor by the rain of arrows falling on the front row. It's time for francisques to launch the assault waves Arab who fail to break the wall franc.

Late in the afternoon, the Frankish army goes on the offensive. Brutal, bloody. Taking advantage of the fatigue Saracens they carnage in their ranks. Abd-er-Rahman tries to galvanize his troops, but is killed at the height of the battle. The dark stops the fight, much to the advantage of Charles who comes to save the West from the Muslim threat.

The next day, the Franks realize that the Saracens fled during the night. The looting of the camp begins and the Franks seized the booty that the attackers had to leave to escape: precious stones, fabrics, jewelry but also women and children who are sold as slaves. Charles did not chase the Saracens. For him, the goal was not to lead a crusade to break the attack but Abd-er-Rahman. But take the opportunity to seize the bishoprics and then goes away for lunch loot. He then chase the Muslim leaders who had settled there a few years ago. It is perhaps during this period that Charles gets his nickname of Martel (Hammer)

Offering Charles

At the chapel of St. Catherine of Fierbois Charles then deposit his sword. 700 years later, a dealer will find the sword by order of Joan of Arc. The rust would then miraculously fell from the blade.

An important date?

Poitiers is it a milestone in the history of Europe, a stop or one episode among many? Some historians believe the Battle of Poitiers has not had a major impact in Merovingian Gaul. The sources are few, these historians therefore believe that the battle has not been discussed. Arabic sources refer to as the Balat al-shuada (floor of the martyrs) but does not extend much further above. Carolingian propaganda has exploited this victory, in a clear purpose to denigrate the Merovingian. One can also find a clear desire to eclipse the victory of the Isaurian Basileus Leo III who had the assaults against Constantinople (one-year seat) and reaffirm the prominence of Byzantium on the Aegean Sea, Black Sea and the central Mediterranean. Its action for long dissuaded from attacking Muslims in Anatolia. But even if

Poitiers was only a battle among many others, even if it did not score a decisive stop to attack Muslim in Gaul (which will continue for several more decades), it has at least stopped the geographically attacks. Poitiers has never been exceeded. Charles Martel had withdrawn a large glory that propaganda can not alone explain. Finally, even if Islam was not well known Franks, columnists insisting on the difference the two religions.

732 is perhaps not an important date for some, but it has become since the advent of Pepin the Short. Recovered by some patriotic or nationalist movements, it remains a hinge to a halt, a victory, although one may say. Because it would have happened if he lost. Even if it was only a raid, a successful strike would have inevitably led to another.

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Summer 44: Polish people revolted against the Nazis!


On 1 August 1944, the Polish resistance launches largest internal insurrection against a German army. Two months later, Warsaw is in ruins. Thousands of Polish civilians and soldiers have died. Stalin, however, a few kilometers from the capital left to do. The allies occupied the western front and already tempted by the false promises of Stalin have almost no attempt to intervene.
note, there is no question here of gettho Jewish uprising, which took place in 1943, but resistance during 60 days of the city's population, represented by a legitimate government but in exile. The consequences of this tragedy to understand certain features of our contemporary era and the recent history of Poland
all starts on 1 August 1944 to 17 hours. Hitler learned the revolt that evening. It instructs the SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to crush the city to "kill people, take no hostages. Warsaw is to be completely shaved, to serve as a chilling example to all Europe "(Dixit Hitler himself)
Who are the insurgents? Members of the Army of the Interior (Armia Krajowa, AK) as well as civilians and other clandestine organizations. The AK was the Polish government in exile (recall that Poles participated in the Normandy landings). They were poorly equipped: some thousands of rifles, pistols and machine guns and grenades around 25,000 (mostly manufactured in sweatshops). Approximately 40,000 combatants were counted. The Germans opposed them 16,000 soldiers and 25,000 who arrived as reinforcements as well as aviation and tanks. The fighting was all the more disproportionate.
The AK does not recognize the Polish Committee of National Liberation is a communist. She wants to liberate Poland or at least influence the negotiations after the war. The exiled Polish leaders know very well that the Kremlin leader has not only ideas Democratic head. They will not listen.

What situation in August 44
On the western front, the landing was successful, but the allies are still stuck in Normandy. Patton has not yet managed his breakthrough. On the western front, the Red Army just suffered a major defeat near Warsaw on 29-31 July. Stalin preferred to then concentrate on the Rumanian front. At that time, the Soviet army was able to completely suppress the Germans from their territory. In Germany, Hitler has just escaped an assassination attempt.
The allies manage to drop aid supplies and ammunition on 4 and 5 August. But Stalin refused airfields that serve as bases of Ukraine to the U.S. military: no airlift so! The support will stop there. 6, Stalin gave the order to stop its divisions in Poland. The insurgents are now alone. On 10 September, the Germans launched a powerful offensive against the city-.

The cons-German attacks in August had been 40 000 deaths, particularly in the working class district of Wola. SS comb the city, aided by former Soviet soldiers went to the collaboration. On 16 September the army refuses to use red his artillery to save what could be. Two weeks later, the AK capitulated. The Battle of Warsaw was 220 000 deaths (about 40,000 insurgents and 180,000 civilians). On the German side, there were 17 000 deaths. From October 2, add 50 to 60 000 deportations. Warsaw is destroyed at 80%!

It begs several questions. Why did Stalin refused to help the AK. Just to have a free hand in Poland and have that resistant "friends." The elimination of the AK enabled him to place his pawns. A victory of the AK would have to drive a wedge important in its strategy to hold on to Eastern Europe for the Poles in exile were allied with the Americans and they wanted to take the Red Army to speed. The refusal to help is therefore a cynical political strategy but quite in line with Stalin.

the Allied side, it is clear that the dropping of the insurgents was a serious political mistake. On the one hand the British Government who, initially, supported the AK was surprised by the offensive began that he felt ill-prepared (which, unfortunately, was true, the AK had under- Estimated Army German). Quickly, and despite calls for Churchill, London, dissented from the AK. For Roosevelt, it was out of question to bring back Stalin. The two armies, taken in a race to Berlin, were in competition. Roosevelt, moreover, believed in Stalin's promises on democratic elections in the liberated territories. We know he did not. One can even wonder about the blindness of Roosevelt meet Stalin. Why is this man who from the beginning of the crisis, has pushed his country toward war in Europe, did not see coming dictatorship of the Iron Curtain? The

defeat the insurgents is both an honor but also a Polish black page to the allies. In their defense, it is true, too busy in the West, it was difficult for them to send troops on a massive scale in Poland. Stalin is therefore an overwhelming responsibility, but it is not the only one.

Difference In Lice And Dandruff

we go ...

History! reflection of our past, straight to our future. Without history, there is no present. That's because our society denies our past it is doomed to repeat its mistakes.

History & controversy wants a blog to share. Pecking at the option of thousands of years that we behold, I am a subject, I offer it and then we discuss it. Not logical, therefore, I can talk any day of the capture of Jerusalem and then to follow up on the Warsaw uprising gettho.

no official history here, not politically correct either, but just a subjective view of our past. To you to discuss, to argue with you.

Hot Indian Nacked Boobs Of Indian Women

It's over

Hi everyone.

It impresses you see a message here! Well no, you're not dreaming.

It's been a while since I returned to live in France and I did not take the time to close this blog. I have since early May 2006m antiquity of the earth currents Eire and have taken a new job in the capital of cheeses that whip. I have a new home with a new super roommate :-)

Who knows how long I'll stay there? No idea. One thing is for sure, I I left behind many people in Ireland. At Cork and elsewhere. I will, I promise.

I made a trip along the West Coast a week and a half before returning. You can find the photos on my flickr account: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eole

I want to say that I have friends who take over. Melanie and William will live a year in Australia. I invite you to follow their adventures. on: http://melanie-in-oz.blogspot.com/

And finally, my buddy Ed the king of the concrete starts in sharing his participation in the daily life of its interesting: http://attention-travaux.blogspot.com/

Thank you for reading all this time.

is finished

Does Sansa Clip Have Bluetooth

want to come

We will welcome you with pleasure ....

Bottomless Women At Beach

The Guitouz

It made us really happy to have the visit of Guitou, Sonia and the weather during this nice little weekend. It was remade a cake for the occasion ;-)

Brazilian Wax Job Images

The cake - Part III


Last weekend we did a gallette kings (square :-() but quite succulent!)

Kate Playground Outtakes

Attentions to grave robbers from outer space!

Not by lazy if I'm not posting much lately. Internet is too loose the home. Basically, Ireland, this is not the celebration of panties for that, but I think it fell on the worst ISP .

All that to say that last Christmas, Vincent was not my gift that was appreciated a public utility: a toaster. It has been the change and was able to recover money (and not an asset!).

At least he has subsequently commissioned a board game very funny, It is called " grave robbers from outer space . The game is very simple and very funny. Everything is based on 120 special cards. The theme of the game is the old SF movies and horror.

must be the film with the most points to win the game. Obviously, it is attacked by other players and being able to respond ...

The cards are divided into five categories :

• The characters who are the actors in the film. The
• accessories to outfit the characters. The
• sets where the action happens in our film. The
• creatures to attack the film adversaries. The
• special effects that we just play at any time and alter the course of the game.

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'm not scared at first!

As you can imagine, your turn, you put the cards on the table interesting that you had in hand. This is your movie. Each card personage and decor provides defense points. When an opposing player sends a creature, it is against the whole movie, we must make the sum of these points of defense.

Generally during a game, the cards that make the game come and go very quickly. You can put as much character that you pick, however, we can put one set and we can replace the background of others in order to penalize them.

That's in a game, my film has been summarized : a "hitchhiker" (1 defense), the "nymphomaniac" (3 defense) to the "back of the car" (-5 defense).

is at this moment that some one card "special effect" that can be played anytime. My "nymphomaniac" gets the lot. "We saw your breasts, you're gonna die." So I have to discard my character, which weakens my film.

You understand, it's filled with cliches and stereotypes. The cards are creatures of albino alligators to Venusian rabid passing by psychopathic hitchhiker self .

This game is also available in French and findable in any specialty store. Vincent was also similar for Christmas games that are variations on the theme based on the same principle.

The atmosphere of the first door on the old adventure films of the 30s and India Jones. The second is based on the films of the '70s, mixing Affro & Disco Godfather & other thrillers, the Jaws . The latter is the "suite" of Raiders "The revenche dog Skippy . It's just a whole new set of cards still in the themes of Nanard the horror / SF for the greatest happiness of all.

Dongle Cubase Sx Mac Free

Square-ing cake! The mustachioed

We just made the little Christmas dinner at John and Corinne at the seaside, as usual, was pretty good!

I had the right to one of those surprises! Corinne made a galette. It was delicious! Vincent has carved a small bean in a bean ;-). I realize that many it was also he who took the crown. I feel as if there were whales in stone.

The house had any cake of even a small problem. It was round!

I was the youngest, so I had to go under the table. This was also the easiest way to "leave the table" because I was stuck between the lovely ladies.

A good weekend relaxing with nice people. It's too good.

Acohol Initiation Games

Standing

John, the mustache.

My Babies Cough Is Hurting His Throat

:-) Who does his evil, falls into ravine

Peter, the longest is not a guarantee of quality

Yesterday I went to see onClick="javascript:urchinTracker('/outgoing/imdb/kingkong');"
href="http://imdb.com/title/tt0360717/"> KingKong . I find that there has not been much improvement in 70 years. The success of the first game in 1933 is quite understandable, but the public now does not expect the same thing. The special effects do not a movie!

Moreover it is long, far too long! I feel like Peter Jackson onClick="javascript:urchinTracker('/outgoing/imdb/peterjackson');"
href="http://imdb.com/name/nm0001392/"> is too accustomed to super-productions with lots of extras, large packages of dollars and hours of compiling computer synthesized image.

What could happen with the Lord of the Rings href="http://imdb.com/title/tt0120737"> was valid given the popularity of Tolkien and effect "novelty". But with King Kong onClick="javascript:urchinTracker('/outgoing/imdb/kingkong');"
href="http://imdb.com/title/tt0360717/"> , it no longer passes. The film Duren about 3 hours I seem quite compressible. The proof is that when you think back to when leaving the movie, one wonders, given the linearity of the story, how he managed to complete her 3 hours. It's simple, some scenes do not end! I will not mention not by what we know them all by heart, the film is very faithful to the original. Too much perhaps?

This remains an entertaining film. Enjoy the winter lasts another two months to spend your long afternoons when the light has packed up early. The fall

Like the rest of the film, the gorilla takes three leaden getting hit by the USAF . Then his chutte and loooong. In addition we tap the idle!

The lights and once out of the room the friends who accompanied me learn that a girl fell into the river (The same where I saw a seal to surface few month earlier).

My eyes are attracted by the lights of two fire trucks, which is tuned to 5 meters of film.

Like a lot of people, we approach the bridge is located about twenty meters to the attendant fall.

Everything happens very quickly: I cast a glance down the River. The level is low, the levee is within three meters. Just at that moment the firefighter passes the spotlight. I see a disjointed puppet. Given his clothes and size, it fits well with a young girl (between 6 and 16; is not very accurate, but I remind you that I am at 20m and it is night).

I see more interest in being stuck there, I decided from promptly. I turn around and read the faces of other passers-by who are rapidly changing from curiosity to indignation lightly with a pinch of sadness.

In those moments you really want to say, "That's it ? 're happy? You saw what you wanted to see? And then it brings you what? That is what advances you now ? And then you feel stupid. Would not it because you can not do anything bi or anything.

is where we see different people. One that will make jokes to play down the atmosphere and warm, or those who prefer to say nothing and take upon themselves. I took advantage of the first category, as my young friends did not look on their plate.

can not remember enough about how much life at all. In this kind of moment, King Kong looks more shoddy than it already could be. For this young girl, I know nothing more and I doubt she survived her fall.

The end of the story is that the dumbest of all, it's me. Still, I told my friends before to approach the river, " Another one who has not supported lengths King Kong." Sometimes, we understand how why the silence is golden . That'll teach me to do the monkey.

I was not that much stronger for this story, but I still went to the pub later in the evening to write my journal, do not stay in my tiny few meters square ; certainly a need to think of something else.

.

It's funny, I have met lots of people. With among others, charming small U.S. tour on our old continent.

There was a cute as all that made me quite a shy smile when I met his gaze that I photographed almost by surprise.

I like to think that I'll never know if it's because I liked him or if it's because I'm French vagrancy in the traditional pub, a sort of local curiosity in a way.

Ahh

our dear friends the Americans, one thing is sure, we all Western thought and we're Definetely not on the same wavelength. ;-)

My evening ended quietly with everything a good book in bed. Fortunately for me, I ended 1984 by George Orwell's day :-)

Jenna Jameson Mit Piercing

The cake, the second act!

As I walked in Cork on Saturday afternoon (the morning because I regenerates ...), I came face-to-nose with a pastry " French . I was able to buy the cake! By cons, there There was no fêve because they did not have time to provide it.

I told them my theory href="http://eole-in-cork.blogspot.com/2006/01/come-back-to-green.html"> patties in Ireland and they are aware. Good news! But I find they lack communication. It is yet another problem.

We tasted the cake, unfortunately it was too greasy and it was sorely lacking in the almond frangipane :-(. But hey, that's a good start. Since I sympathizer with the saleswoman, I call again their to share my comments.

Since they just opened in November, they seek to retain customers, they are super nice and I will not hurt if they have good bread.

Saturday evening was the Christmas party with my box had been reserved in a small Italian restaurant for 15 persons.

The atmosphere was nice, the food was good, but no more, and very expensive. For 20 € (price of the dish without the input), I had 4 small lamb chops with a sauce home away from extraordinary accompanied by a cup of fries

But

it does not matter! It was offered by the box ;-)

was finished at the pub ... About two o'clock in the morning, 8 or 10 people remaining are spent at home. I do not know how everyone could take, but it was nice.

I have a friend who was beginning to fall asleep on the couch, I told him then drew a mustache in permanent marker. They are so cute, I balance the camera when I have a little more time.

It has photos to support :-) And I do not know yet if well managed to erase them.

Sunday

I did jogging on the beach with my buddy English Elliot. After two weeks without training, the big comic festivals and my gastro that bedridden, I really struggled.

was not raced a long time (like only 20 minutes). I'm a little clown on the hands on the beach ;-). It was not too impresive considering my physical condition.

But I still aches! I also noticed that I still have back pain, ever after bullshit March

:-( Anyway it's good to let off steam and it feeling guilty because of the great food the day before.

What Color Is Discharge Before Period?

DJ Mav! Come back to green

In principle, I said that my life in Ireland, but after a little story, I make a digression on a friend who, like all other :-( I miss

During this crazy week in Paris, I went to the evening of Wednesday night at the Queen which is a nightclub overlooking the famous Champs Elysees. It's not bad, but this is worse than the street ;-) peace

I have a friend that I know know from college who works there now for 3-4 years now, my friend Mav.

He works as a disc jockey in this box and invited me ay spend the evening with friends.

was a wonderful evening, he assured the music, as usual ...

The anecdote is that I have found by chance two (not very close) French friends that I met in Cork. They were distributed in France since June 2005 and I had only ever seen her since, no news.

It was a pleasure to meet again. It's always fun to see how the world is small.

to the podium

When I think is funny! It dates back to 1999-2000, I would not say it was (even now, I imagine) very buff Disco. That's how he discovered the Queen href="http://www.queen.fr"> because there's a disco night every Monday evening broadcast on radio.

is a nightclub that appears to homosexuals, but some are evening for everyone. This is the case Monday night. My buddy

href="http://www.google.com/search?q=dj+%22xavier+vanhems%22"> Mav, as it is called the side of our home in was such a fan, he finally meet the DJs and be friends. The story does not say how far, but familiar with the guy, he is not the adventurous type.

Sometime later, after a season as a diving instructor moderately successful, Mav returned to Paris and continued to pistons and his friends, he was hired as " Light Jockey. It assists the Disc Jockey who monopolized by the music to follow up, puts the right light at the right time.

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He is aware that "mix" of the disc does not put conciste one after the other. Nowadays electronic music can be more easily mix sounds and genres.

But this requires much training and knowledge of music to "cook".

Mav, it trained a lot. He saw some playing time before the DJ of the evening to warm the atmosphere. Then he started to receive fees for facilitating student parties.

It has for some time DJ "resident" at the Queen. It is approved in some way ;-)

I personally seen it evolve and I must say that every time I am pleasantly surprised. He is doing really well now. It makes you mix and sequence really cool.

It has a cachet recently, where he will mix every Thursday evening at Beirut! Deeply

he spends in Cork. Besides fast! Before it is too expensive for local mailboxes ;-)

All that to say I'm super happy for him that was not really motivated by the studies and has managed to break into the very small world his dreams were.

Good continuation of you, but for all your friends, you will be our onClick="javascript:urchinTracker('/outgoing/google/dj+xav+vhems');"
href="http://www.google.com/search?q=dj+%22xavier+vanhems%22"> Dj Mav ;-).

Bent My Big Toe Underneath

Happy New Year, dear readers healthy

After a great week in Paris for less relaxing it is, where I slept little and ended up spending New Year in bed absence of a gastrointestinal; I still have much work and more internet connection decanted, so I can not write at the pace I had maintained was a time.

It's heartbreaking, because you I know, I always got something to say ;-)

To return to everyday life, it was a lot of storage in the apartment, especially since we had left in tears just before the holidays.

I managed to bring back the cake not too crushed and have a taste of my colleagues at work which, like all self-respecting Irish did not know. It typiquemenet French as flat.

Note that they are a people who eat too much sugar, or it is us who do not eat enough ;-) but Given the number of people overweight than I can cross the street over here, I will not comment further ...

All that to say that the almond has been cracked:-D. They loved it. And yet, it was not even a furnace to heat!

I think the French food everyday as bread and pastry does not work very well here because they are not very curious and that lack of sugar for them, there is almost no bakery in Cork and I doubt they do everything themselves.

When I talk about food, I see there are really addicted their Potatoes and fritaille :-( and do not understand that one should not always eat the same thing.

Lightning chocolate to which I am a fan disappointed me because here is kind of whipped cream between two slices of a blown cut. It has no flavor, it's just sweet. I do not even think it should be super popular. It's fake French cuisine. It far from being a specialty.

Going back to the cake, they too should do, I'm sure it could turn. In addition it is simple to make and cheap in ingredients. The hardest thing is to do the campaign proper. I'm a computer scientist and in my spare time (non-existent in recent months) graphic. This will remain a dream :-(