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The Battle of Jena (October 14, 2006) October 25



France is ashamed of his past. And particularly Napoleon. Last year, she had not seen fit to celebrate the bicentenary of Austerlitz. This year it's Jena that went by the wayside. This battle is yet another great feat of arms of the Emperor. Stories and Polemics is therefore above because knowledge of our past should not be overshadowed by the acts of repentance.

During summer 1806, Europe is at peace. France-England rivalry has diminished, Austerlitz and Trafalgar proméninence having established the two kingdoms in their respective fields. The sea to Britain, the continent for France. The death of William Pitt, a fierce opponent of Napoleon has also improved the climate. Finally, Britain is not the best economically.

But all is not necessarily well in the brave new world. Napoleon reorganized the Holy Roman Empire into a federation of state which are necessarily favorable: the Confederation of the Rhine. And it worries Frederick III of Prussia. The big Army is in Bavaria and Moravia to monitor the Austrian and Russian units of the 3rd coalition.

tone up between Prussia and France. Provocation, the officers of the Prussian army like to sharpen their swords on the steps of the Embassy of France in Berlin. Frederick III lance who will listen: "No need for swords, clubs will suffice for these French dogs."

To top it off, he sealed an alliance with Alexander I and swear not to separate until the victory over France will not be granted. Prussia, Russia, Sweden and Saxony will then form the 4th coalition. They will be joined by England on September 14 with the death of Prime Minister Fox, more favorable to Napoleon.

On 4 October, the Emperor receives an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of French troops right banks of the Rhine. Immediately Great army of 180,000 strong men overwhelmed the Confederacy. An initial confrontation October 10 sees the death of the nephew of Frederick II, but victory is not final. The body is pushed to Prussian Saalfeld, but the coalition forces withdrew northwards, leaving a strong rearguard at Jena.

Marshal Lannes arrived with part of the Grand Army: 55 000 10 000 men more riders. The whole is supported by 173 cannons. Napoleon ordered all. Opposite, the Prussians were about 50 000 and have 120 guns.

Jena is located in a valley. The Emperor himself will direct the work that will broaden the narrow path in order to pass the artillery. He thus manages to overlook the Prussian army concentrated before him.

At 6 o'clock in the morning, he gave the order to attack. Surprised, the Prussians believe in a massive attack. But right out of their 30,000 French fog. Immediately, Lannes upsets the general reserve Tauertzien while progressing in the right Soult and Augereau on the left. The battle is lost to Prussia and Napoleon ordered the prosecution fugitives. Murat's cavalry managed to capture the enemy artillery.

There are 12 000 deaths among the Prussians and the French in 6000. In addition 14 000 prisoners.

The same day the French victory Auerstadt (Davout with 27,000 men defeated the 60,000 Prussian soldiers from Brunswick) amplifies the magnitude of the triumph. Prussia lost 45,000 men and his artillery.

27 October Napoleon entered Berlin. On the 28th Murat capture the Prince of Hohenlohe and his army. November 30, Prussia was forced to peace: She lost half its territory, 5 million people, some of its strongholds (Magdeburg, Erfurt, Stettin, Graudeuz, Danzig) and must pay an indemnity of 120 million francs at the time.

If it is the big loser in history, this victory will be one of the last truly brilliant of Napoleon.

Soon will come the war in Spain, the failures in Russia, bled for years 1810-1813

... But that's not the worry. How is it that France has so ashamed of her past, she now refuses to celebrate. Except for repentance, our country overshadow everything that has made it great. It is a crime against our memory. A crime against our history.

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732: Poitiers


Islam spread like wildfire throughout the seventh century, sweeping Africa, the Middle East, Asia. The Visigothic kingdom of Spain fell in 711 and the vitality of the new religion did not wane. Despite the recent strength of the Visigoths, refugees in northern Spain, the Merovingian is now in sight ....

Storming the Frankish kingdom

Abd-er-Rahman, emir of Cordoba, wants to extend his conquests beyond the Pyrenees. In 719 in Narbonne is taken. In 725, it was the turn of Carcassonne and Nimes. Bordeaux is then sacked. Aquitaine is a land of plunder, very tempting because rich. Merovingian kings and the descendants of Clovis, have enough power to oppose it.

Charles Martel

Charles is the bastard son of Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia. A Carolingian therefore, the balance of a Merovingian king. He managed to win against the Neustrians. Rich, he has many villas in the region of Metz and Verdun. The wife of Pepin, Plectrude, Charles was locked. He escaped at age 25, in 714, the death of his father. Needless

take the place of his father as Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. It multiplies the countryside from 716 against the Frisians, Saxons, Alamanni. It will submit to the Danube the Bavarians. In 731, he attacked Eudes of Aquitaine. Eudes, who had dealt with brash: in 721, he beat Toulouse and in order to avert the peril, allied to Mununza, the Governor of Berber Septimania. But the latter is killed by Abd-er-Rahman who resumed looting in southern Gaul.

Calling Eudes

When the Saracens, after pillaging the southern Aquitaine, take the road to St Martin of Tour, a rich abbey, Odo has little choice, he must use his enemy even if he fears that Charles Martel do to take advantage of the wealth of Aquitaine.

Charles will then gather his army, after having published the ban. He spent the Loire at Orleans and headed for Tower, near the abbey. He then took the direction of Poitiers, his army having melted with that of Odo. Moussa, the village of Vouneuil-sur-Vienne, the French are against the Saracens. 6 days, riders observed, is jaugent, engage in some skirmishes.

Clash of Civilizations

Saturday 25 October 732, the first day of Ramadan, the two armies are facing each other. Abd-er-Rahman Once the noon prayer ended, the load starts shouting "Ahadoum, ahadoum" (there is only one god). The tactic is clear: avoid confrontation general, crumble the opposing army and transform battle in a series of small battles. But the Franks, at war for 20 years, do not let themselves be intimidated by the screams of the Muslims, nor by the rain of arrows falling on the front row. It's time for francisques to launch the assault waves Arab who fail to break the wall franc.

Late in the afternoon, the Frankish army goes on the offensive. Brutal, bloody. Taking advantage of the fatigue Saracens they carnage in their ranks. Abd-er-Rahman tries to galvanize his troops, but is killed at the height of the battle. The dark stops the fight, much to the advantage of Charles who comes to save the West from the Muslim threat.

The next day, the Franks realize that the Saracens fled during the night. The looting of the camp begins and the Franks seized the booty that the attackers had to leave to escape: precious stones, fabrics, jewelry but also women and children who are sold as slaves. Charles did not chase the Saracens. For him, the goal was not to lead a crusade to break the attack but Abd-er-Rahman. But take the opportunity to seize the bishoprics and then goes away for lunch loot. He then chase the Muslim leaders who had settled there a few years ago. It is perhaps during this period that Charles gets his nickname of Martel (Hammer)

Offering Charles

At the chapel of St. Catherine of Fierbois Charles then deposit his sword. 700 years later, a dealer will find the sword by order of Joan of Arc. The rust would then miraculously fell from the blade.

An important date?

Poitiers is it a milestone in the history of Europe, a stop or one episode among many? Some historians believe the Battle of Poitiers has not had a major impact in Merovingian Gaul. The sources are few, these historians therefore believe that the battle has not been discussed. Arabic sources refer to as the Balat al-shuada (floor of the martyrs) but does not extend much further above. Carolingian propaganda has exploited this victory, in a clear purpose to denigrate the Merovingian. One can also find a clear desire to eclipse the victory of the Isaurian Basileus Leo III who had the assaults against Constantinople (one-year seat) and reaffirm the prominence of Byzantium on the Aegean Sea, Black Sea and the central Mediterranean. Its action for long dissuaded from attacking Muslims in Anatolia. But even if

Poitiers was only a battle among many others, even if it did not score a decisive stop to attack Muslim in Gaul (which will continue for several more decades), it has at least stopped the geographically attacks. Poitiers has never been exceeded. Charles Martel had withdrawn a large glory that propaganda can not alone explain. Finally, even if Islam was not well known Franks, columnists insisting on the difference the two religions.

732 is perhaps not an important date for some, but it has become since the advent of Pepin the Short. Recovered by some patriotic or nationalist movements, it remains a hinge to a halt, a victory, although one may say. Because it would have happened if he lost. Even if it was only a raid, a successful strike would have inevitably led to another.

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Summer 44: Polish people revolted against the Nazis!


On 1 August 1944, the Polish resistance launches largest internal insurrection against a German army. Two months later, Warsaw is in ruins. Thousands of Polish civilians and soldiers have died. Stalin, however, a few kilometers from the capital left to do. The allies occupied the western front and already tempted by the false promises of Stalin have almost no attempt to intervene.
note, there is no question here of gettho Jewish uprising, which took place in 1943, but resistance during 60 days of the city's population, represented by a legitimate government but in exile. The consequences of this tragedy to understand certain features of our contemporary era and the recent history of Poland
all starts on 1 August 1944 to 17 hours. Hitler learned the revolt that evening. It instructs the SS General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski to crush the city to "kill people, take no hostages. Warsaw is to be completely shaved, to serve as a chilling example to all Europe "(Dixit Hitler himself)
Who are the insurgents? Members of the Army of the Interior (Armia Krajowa, AK) as well as civilians and other clandestine organizations. The AK was the Polish government in exile (recall that Poles participated in the Normandy landings). They were poorly equipped: some thousands of rifles, pistols and machine guns and grenades around 25,000 (mostly manufactured in sweatshops). Approximately 40,000 combatants were counted. The Germans opposed them 16,000 soldiers and 25,000 who arrived as reinforcements as well as aviation and tanks. The fighting was all the more disproportionate.
The AK does not recognize the Polish Committee of National Liberation is a communist. She wants to liberate Poland or at least influence the negotiations after the war. The exiled Polish leaders know very well that the Kremlin leader has not only ideas Democratic head. They will not listen.

What situation in August 44
On the western front, the landing was successful, but the allies are still stuck in Normandy. Patton has not yet managed his breakthrough. On the western front, the Red Army just suffered a major defeat near Warsaw on 29-31 July. Stalin preferred to then concentrate on the Rumanian front. At that time, the Soviet army was able to completely suppress the Germans from their territory. In Germany, Hitler has just escaped an assassination attempt.
The allies manage to drop aid supplies and ammunition on 4 and 5 August. But Stalin refused airfields that serve as bases of Ukraine to the U.S. military: no airlift so! The support will stop there. 6, Stalin gave the order to stop its divisions in Poland. The insurgents are now alone. On 10 September, the Germans launched a powerful offensive against the city-.

The cons-German attacks in August had been 40 000 deaths, particularly in the working class district of Wola. SS comb the city, aided by former Soviet soldiers went to the collaboration. On 16 September the army refuses to use red his artillery to save what could be. Two weeks later, the AK capitulated. The Battle of Warsaw was 220 000 deaths (about 40,000 insurgents and 180,000 civilians). On the German side, there were 17 000 deaths. From October 2, add 50 to 60 000 deportations. Warsaw is destroyed at 80%!

It begs several questions. Why did Stalin refused to help the AK. Just to have a free hand in Poland and have that resistant "friends." The elimination of the AK enabled him to place his pawns. A victory of the AK would have to drive a wedge important in its strategy to hold on to Eastern Europe for the Poles in exile were allied with the Americans and they wanted to take the Red Army to speed. The refusal to help is therefore a cynical political strategy but quite in line with Stalin.

the Allied side, it is clear that the dropping of the insurgents was a serious political mistake. On the one hand the British Government who, initially, supported the AK was surprised by the offensive began that he felt ill-prepared (which, unfortunately, was true, the AK had under- Estimated Army German). Quickly, and despite calls for Churchill, London, dissented from the AK. For Roosevelt, it was out of question to bring back Stalin. The two armies, taken in a race to Berlin, were in competition. Roosevelt, moreover, believed in Stalin's promises on democratic elections in the liberated territories. We know he did not. One can even wonder about the blindness of Roosevelt meet Stalin. Why is this man who from the beginning of the crisis, has pushed his country toward war in Europe, did not see coming dictatorship of the Iron Curtain? The

defeat the insurgents is both an honor but also a Polish black page to the allies. In their defense, it is true, too busy in the West, it was difficult for them to send troops on a massive scale in Poland. Stalin is therefore an overwhelming responsibility, but it is not the only one.

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we go ...

History! reflection of our past, straight to our future. Without history, there is no present. That's because our society denies our past it is doomed to repeat its mistakes.

History & controversy wants a blog to share. Pecking at the option of thousands of years that we behold, I am a subject, I offer it and then we discuss it. Not logical, therefore, I can talk any day of the capture of Jerusalem and then to follow up on the Warsaw uprising gettho.

no official history here, not politically correct either, but just a subjective view of our past. To you to discuss, to argue with you.